Veterinary Relations

A fox in a leafy suburb of Berlin has been getting into the spirit of summer - by collecting flip flops. For weeks residents of Zehlendorf were baffled that a thief was stealing their flip flops and sports shoes from their gardens at night. Finally a man spotted the culprit on a patch of wasteland, "in flagrante, carrying two blue flip flops in its mouth", the daily Tagesspiegel reports. The fox had a hoard of over 100 shoes, but not the man's missing running shoe. The man had suspected it might be a fox after raising the matter on a neighbourhood watch website and getting complaints from other locals about a missing pair of shoes, or one missing shoe.

 

  A rare white kiwi that inspired a children's book and toys has died. Manukura hatched in 2011, but the female North Island Brown Kiwi was born with white feathers. She became a huge attraction at both Pukaha Mount Bruce, New Zealand's North Island wildlife centre, and online. Replica soft toys were of Manukura were sold around the world. "It is with great sadness we announce the loss of our dear friend Manukura," a Facebook page dedicated to her said. Manukura passed away peacefully on Sunday with rangers and veterinary staff present, it added. "She will be sorely missed." Manukura was the first of three white kiwi that hatched at the same centre in 2011 and 2012. Manukura was initially identified as male, but was later found to be female - further adding to her uniqueness.

 

                         Puberty Derived from the Latin word “pubscere” means covered with hairs. Puberty is the stage when an animal is able to release viable gametes (ova in female and spermatozoa in the male) and shows complete sexual behavior sequences.  In a female, puberty is the age when the first estrus accompanied by ovulation occurs and females can support pregnancy without any deleterious effects. The ability of females to ovulate, conceive, and carry the pregnancy.  In a male, puberty is the age when first time ejaculated with a threshold number of spermatozoa enough for successful fertilization and manifest sexual behavior.  It occurs when an animal has reached a critical somatic development (Bodyweight) for each species or breed.  At puberty, an animal attains about 60% of its mature body weight.  Initiation of puberty is a function of animal age and body weight.  During the pre-pubertal period, the growth of genital organs is similar to that of other organs; but at

 BREEDING SEASON of FARM ANIMALS  In many species, the breeding activity of a female is affected by the seasons of the year. Such species are called Seasonal Breeders.  The period of the year when the breeding activity of females of a species is maximum is termed as Breeding Season. Monoestrus Animals  These are those animals that show heat signs only once during their breeding season. An example of a Monoestrus animal is Bitch. Polyester Animals  These are those animals that show heat signs more than once during their breeding season. Examples of Polyestrus animals are sheep, goats, mare, etc. Short-Day Breeders  These are species in which breeding activity increases as the day length decreases. Typical examples of Short-day breeders are Sheep and Goats. Long-Day Breeders  These are species in which breeding activity increases as the day length increases. A typical example of a Long-Day breeder is Mare. Sheep & Goats  In sheep & goats, the breeding season is autumn.  S

 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tracts • Less complex than the females. • Goal is to produce large numbers of viable male sex cells called spermatozoa. • Contributes 1⁄2 of the chromosomes to each of his offspring • After mating the role of the male is over • Reproductive organs in the various mammalian species are similar in form and function. Scrotum The scrotum is a two-lobed sac that contains and protects the two testicles. It also regulates the temperature of the testicles, maintaining them at a temperature lower than body temperature. When the environment temperature is low, the scrotum contracts. When the environmental temperature is high, the scrotum relaxes. Maintaining the correct temperature is critical in that being too hot or too cold can affect the production and vitality of sperm. • Protects testes and Functions as a heat-regulating mechanism. • 4 or 5 degrees below body temp. is essential for spermatogenesis – growth, and maturation of the sperm. Testes or testicles:

  Hypothalamus is an ovoid mass located at the base of the brain. It is composed of many bilaterally paired nuclei (Cell bodies within CNS are called Nuclei). These Nuclei are separated by the medial portion of the Hypothalamus, the Third Ventricle of the brain. The pituitary Gland lies below Hypothalamus in a bony depression of Sphenoid bone, called as “Sella Tunica”. The hypothalamus is a small region located within the brain that controls many bodily functions, including eating and drinking, sexual functions and behaviors, blood pressure and heart rate, body temperature maintenance, the sleep-wake cycle, and emotional states (e.g., fear, pain, anger, and pleasure). Hypothalamic hormones play a pivotal role in the regulation of many of those functions. Because the hypothalamus is part of the central nervous system, the hypothalamic hormones actually are produced by nerve cells (i.e., neurons). In addition, because signals from other neurons can modulate the release of hypothalamic ho

Endocrinology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of Hormones and their receptors. The study of chemical (hormonal) communication systems that provide the means to control many physiologic processes (integration): i.e., it is a science that involves chemical integration to maintain homeostasis of the body. Reproductive Endocrinology Reproductive endocrinology is a branch of medicine that identifies and treats infertility in both humans and animals. Two major categories of glands that secret in the animal body: 1. Exocrine Glands a. Having ducts: A gland with ducts that are used for secretion. b. Non-hormonal products are directed to the surfaces of cell membranes: The secretions pass into a ductal system that leads to the exterior of the body. Example: Salivary glands, Bile- producing glands (liver), Pancreas: pancreas fluid (duodenum), Sweat glands 2. Endocrine Glands: Endocrine; Endo: from the Greek “endon”; within and Crine: “Krinein”; to release • Ductless

 Anatomy And Physiology Of Reproductive System : Female reproductive tract of various farm animals are similar to the cow but differ primarily in the shape of uterus and cervix. Female tract consists of : ➤Vulva  ➤Vagina ➤ Cervix  ➤Uterus ➤Uterine Horns ➤ Fallopian Tube ➤Ovaries Vulva  Exterior portion and opening of the female reproductive tract. The vulva is the exterior opening of the reproductive and urinary system. The exterior and the visible part of the vulva consists of two folds called the Labia Majora . The Labia Minora are the two folds located just inside the Labia Majora. Clitoris This organ is responsible for stimulating female orgasm. The clitoris is the sensory and erectile organ of the female(sensory organ analogous to the male's penis). It is located just inside the vulva. Stimulation of the clitoris causes contractions that move semen into the female reproductive tract. Vagina The vagina serves as the female organ of copulation (receptacle for the male's pen